Masamune
Masamune Okazaki (岡崎 正宗 Okazaki Masamune), also known as Goro Nyudo Masamune (Priest Goro Masamune), is
widely recognized as Japan's greatest swordsmith. As no exact dates are known
for Masamune's life, he has reached an almost legendary status. It is generally
agreed that he made most of his swords in the early-to-mid 14th
century, 1288
- 1328.
He created swords, known as katana
in Japanese
and daggers called tantō,
in the Soshu
tradition. He is believed to have lived and worked in the Sagami
Province. An award for swordsmiths exists called the Masamune
prize which is awarded at the Japanese Sword
Making Competition. Although not awarded every year it is presented
to a swordsmith who has created an exceptional work.
Style The swords of Masamune have a reputation for superior beauty and
quality, remarkable in a period where the steel
necessary for swords was often impure. He is considered to have brought
the art of 'nie' (martensitic
crystals
embedded in pearlite
matrix,
thought to resemble stars in the night sky) to its
perfection. Masamune studied under Shintogo
Kunimitsu and made blades in suguha (straight temper
line) but he made magnificent notare
hamon, where the leading edge of blade slowly undulates where
it was quenched.
There are also some blades with ko-midare (small irregularities) which
appears to have been copied from the Old Bizen
and Hoki
Province styles. His works are well characterized by rich
chikei (clear grey lines on the leading edge) and kinsuji (lines like
lightning streaking across the blade), and beautiful nie a grey shadow on
the front of the blade caused by quenching. Swords created by Masamune often are referred to with the smith's
name (much the same way that other pieces of artwork are), often with a
name for the individual sword as well. The Honjo Masamune, a symbol of the
Tokugawa shogunate and passed down from one shogun to another, is perhaps
the best known Masamune sword. Signed works of Masamune are rare. The examples "Fudo Masamune",
"Kyogoku Masamune", and "Daikoku Masamune" are accepted as his genuine
works. Judging from his style, he was active from the late Kamakura period
to the Nanboku-cho era. His swords are the most frequently cited among those listed in the
Kyôho Meibutsu Cho[4],
a catalogue of excellent swords in the collections of daimyos edited
during the Kyoho
era by the Hon'ami family of sword appraisers and polishers. The catalogue
was created on the orders of the Tokugawa
Yoshimune of the Tokugawa
Shogunate in 1714
and consists of three books. The first book known as the Nihon Sansaku is
a list of the three greatest sword smiths in the eyes of Toyotomi
Hideyoshi including Etchu
Matsukura Go Umanosuke Yoshihiro, Awataguchi
Toshiro Yoshimitsu, and lists 41 blades by Goro Nyudo Masamune.
The three books together list 61 blades by Masamune. There are far more
blades listed for Masamune than the next two sword smiths combined. It is
known that Hideyoshi had a passion for Soshu sword smiths which may
explain this. A third of all swords listed are Soshu blades by many of the
greatest Soshu masters including Masamune's
students. The swords of Masamune are often contrasted with those of Muramasa,
another Japanese swordsmith. Muramasa has alternatively been described
(incorrectly) as a full contemporary of Masamune, or as Masamune's
student. Since Muramasa dated his work, it is known he worked right around
1500
AD, and as such he lived too late to have met Masamune. In
legend and fantasy, Muramasa's blades are described as bloodthirsty or
evil while Masamune's are considered the mark of an internally peaceful
and calm warrior. Legends of Masamune and Muramasa A legend
tells of a test where Muramasa challenged his master, Masamune, to see who
could make a finer sword. They both worked tirelessly and eventually, when
both swords were finished, they decided to test the results. The contest
was for each to suspend the blades in a small creek with the cutting edge
facing the current. Muramasa's sword, the Juuchi Fuyu (10,000
Winters) cut everything that passed its way; fish, leaves floating
down the river, the very air which blew on it. Highly impressed with his
pupil's work, Masamune lowered his sword, the Yawaraka-Te (Tender
Hands), into the current and waited patiently. Not a leaf was cut, the
fish swam right up to it, and the air hissed as it gently blew by the
blade. After a while, Muramasa began to scoff at his master for his
apparent lack of skill in the making of his sword. Smiling to himself,
Masamune pulled up his sword, dried it, and sheathed it. All the while,
Muramasa was heckling him for his sword's inability to cut anything. A
monk, who had been watching the whole ordeal, walked over and bowed low to
the two sword masters. He then began to explain what he had seen. "The first of the swords was
by all accounts a fine sword, however it is a blood thirsty, evil blade as
it doesn't discriminate as to who or what it will cut. It may just as well
be cutting down butterflies as severing heads. The second was by far the
finer of the two, as it doesn't needlessly cut that which is innocent and
undeserving." In another account of the story, both blades cut the leaves that
went down on the river's current equally well, but the leaves would stick
to the blade of Muramasa whereas they would slip on past Masamune's after
being sliced. Or alternatively both leaves were cut, but those cut by
Masamune's blade would reform as it traveled down the stream. Yet another
version has leaves being sliced by Muramasa's blade while the leaves were
repelled by Masamune's, and another again has leaves being sliced by
Muramasa's blade and healed by Masamune's. In yet another story Muramasa and Masamune were summoned to make
swords for the Shogun
or Emperor and the finished swords were held in a waterfall. The result is
the same as the other stories, and Masamune's swords are deemed holy
swords. In one version of the story Muramasa is killed for creating evil
swords. While all known legends of the two ever having met are
historically impossible, both smiths are widely regarded as symbols for
their respective eras. Masamune is believed to have trained a great number of sword
smiths, 15 are known, 10 of which are considered to be the Juttetsu or
'Ten Famous Students' or "10 Great Disciples of
Masamune". (備州長船住長義作 - Bishu Osafune Ju Chogi Saku) (備前國長船住長義 - Bizen Kuni Osafune Ju Chogi) (備前國長船住兼光 - Bizen Kuni Osafune Ju Kanemitsu) (備州長船住兼光 - Bishu Ssafune ju Kanemitsu) (備前國長船住左衛門尉藤原兼光 - Bizen no Kuni Osafune ju Saemonjo Fujiwara
Kanemitsu) (兼氏 - Kaneuji) (金重) (長谷部国重 - Hasebe Kunishige) (来源国次 - Rai Minamoto Kunitsugu) (左 - Sa) (筑州左 - Chikushu Sa) (筑前國住左 - Chikuzen no Kuni ju Sa) (則重 - Norishige, 佐伯 - Saeki) (郷,義弘 - Go,Yoshihiro) (石州出羽直綱作 - Sekishu Izuwa Naotsuna Saku) (直綱作 - Naotsuna Saku)
· Fuji
· Tomishi
· Hiromitsu
(相模國住人廣光 - Sagami Kuni Junin Hiromitsu) - Along with Akihiro brought about
the second period of the Soshu style. · Sadamune
- A student and possibly son or adopted son of Masamune. Like his father
he left no signed work, but is considered peerless in the Soshu tradition
after Masamune. · Akihiro
(相州住秋廣 - Soshu Ju Akihiro) (相模國住人秋廣 - Sagami Kuni Junin Akihiro) - A direct student of Masamune,
along with Hiromitsu was responsible for refineing the Soshu style to
create the Soshu second period. The Honjo Masamune[4]
is a katana,
a Japanese
sword
most commonly carried by samurai.
This katana represented the Shogunate
during most of the Tokugawa Era and had been passed down from one Shogun
to another. It is one of the best known of the swords created by Masamune
and is believed to be one of the finest katana ever made. It was made a
Japanese National Treasure (Kokuhô) in 1939. The name Honjo
possibly came about due to this swords connection to the general Honjo
Shigenaga 本庄越前守重長 (Honjo "Echizen no kami" Shigenaga) who gained the sword in
battle. Honjo Shigenaga, general of Uesugi
Kenshin[4]
in the 16th century, was attacked by Umanosuke who already possessed a
number of trophy heads. Shigenaga was attacked with the Honjo Masamune
which split his helmet, but he survived and took the sword as a prize. The
blade had a number of chips from the great battle but was still usable.
The blade was kept by Shigenaga until he was sent to Fushimi
Castle, Bunroku
around 1592-1595.
Shigenaga ran out of funds and was forced to sell the sword to Toyotomi
Hidetsugu, Toyotomi
Hideyoshi's nephew and retainer. It was bought for 13 Mai, 13
O-Ban, which was 13 large gold coins. The blade was later valued in the
Kyoho Meibutsu Cho at 1,000 Mai. It then went to Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉, Shimazu
Hyogo Yoshihiro 島津義弘, again to Hideyoshi, Tokugawa
Ieyasu 徳川家康, Tokugawa Yorinobu 徳川頼宣, and finally Tokugawa Ietsuna 徳川家綱. It remained in the Kii 紀伊 branch of the Tokugawa family, the last known owner being
Tokugawa Iemasa 徳川家正 at the end of World War II. Apparently Tokugawa
Iemasa gave the Honjo Masamune and 14 other swords to a police
station at Mejiro
in December of 1945. Shortly thereafter in January 1946, the Mejiro police
gave these swords to Sgt. Coldy Bimore (U.S. 7th
Cavalry). The Honjo Masamune is with out a doubt the most
important of the missing Nihonto, still today the current location of the
sword is unknown.[8] As previously mentioned this is one of the few blades signed by
Masamune that is not in question. It was bought by Toyotomi
Hidetsugu[4]
in 1601
for 500 Kan and was passed to Shogun
Ieyasu and from him to Maeda
Toshiie. Maeda
Toshitsune presented it again to the Shogun, possibly on his
retirement. Later, the sword was handed down among the Owari
Tokugawa. This blade is a tantō approximately 25 cm (8 sun 6.5 bun) with a carving of roots on
the Omote (Front, outer edge) side. It also has chopstick like grooves
(Gomabashi 護摩箸) on the back and a Dragon at the ura part of blade (Kurikara
倶利伽羅). The blade features an engraving of Fudo
Myo-o, the buddhist
deity which gives this blade its name[9]. The "Hōchō" Masamune refers to any one of three particular and unusual tantō[9]
attributed to Masamune. These tanto have a wide body, unlike his normal
slim and elegant work, making them appear quite similar to a Japanese
Chef's knife, or in other words, a kitchen knife (a hōchō or bōchō). One of the three blades has a Gomabashi in cutout (Sukashi). It
was restored around 1919 and sold for approximately 10 Hiki which was
worth around 14¢ US at the time. Even taking inflation into account the
price is still amazingly low. It is presently on display in the Tokugawa
Art Museum. Kotegiri Masamune The Kotegiri (or Kote giri) is a kendo strike to the wrist , the
reason for the choice of name comes from this Katana being used by Asakura
Ujikage to cut the steel mail off an opposing samurais arm in the battle
of Toji in Kyôto. Oda Nobunaga gained possession of this sword and had it
shortened to its present length. In 1615 it eventually passed down to the
Maeda clan who in 1882 presented it as a gift to Emperor Meiji, a known
sword collector. Helmet Breaker The Helmet Breaker is a fascinating blade inscribed by Masamune
and is purported to read:
· Made by the Japanese Swordsmith · Priest Goro Masamune made this · A lucky day in the first month of the first year of Genko (1331)
· Made for Kusunoki
Masanari |
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